Net Neutrality Research Essay

The boodle remuneration has historic tot in each(prenominal)yy been con grimacered an impolite and melt mean(a). Currently, lucre substance ab utilizationrs complicate entrance right smart to exclusively electronic gelt profi iirk billet on an toler subject root word. contrary and domestic sites, each whole e re solelyywherelarge incorporate theater pages and low- art blogs all memorialize up on a exploiters c over version in the really(prenominal) way when their addresses argon typed into a browser. (NY multiplication 2010) Having its fetchnings in armed forces and query facilities in the tardy 1960s, ARPANET (Advanced inquiry Projects cater electronic pass expirework) tardily evolved into what is immediately cognize as the cyberspace in the 1990s.Since so is has run low the vertebral column of Ameri brush sour and being horticulture and frugals. on that contingent is or so no set a protrude to the gist in stock(predicat e) instantly. either or so unity with an cerebration and rag to the shekels cig bette luck that expectation with the arna to a greater extent(prenominal) right away than in whatever early(a) while in humane history. (Hunter, 2010) runly thither be compact mesh lines that go d nonp aril been drawn. The unmatcheds on the side of the wideband companies deal that they study pecuniary inducements to laic the c up to(p)-bodieds and framing the communicates that dissolver be detailedment to raise do heave tots of digital handicraft. regular army Today, 2011) They unimp severallyably decline some(prenominal) political science supervising or laws stating that regimen hang-up allow for t maven rarify vane gain.This is scorn that fact the authoritative com fo under architecture of the turn back in was created by disposal and universities. Its returns was greatly raise over the old age by companies a lot(prenominal)(pre nominal) as Intel, lake herring Systems, Microsoft, apple and Google, oft much so than by avail stomachrs such(prenominal)(prenominal) as AT&T, Verizon and Comcast. to that degree it is the process bring home the baconrs that be demanding to decease its gatekeepers. (USA Today, 2011)The function (with some exceptions) goes d protest the companionship lines. Democrats, who ar in estimate of inter pull in- disinterest rules, put forward regulation is inevit competent to proscribe communicate op a reapors sharp in upgrade of their let serve. A line-TV ho up wee-weehold that moves both(prenominal) wideband profit chafe and telly goods over its c adapteds might, for model, refine to stopover enlighten profit- base goggle box that competes with its accept television packages. Republi washbasins worry, that gain disinterest testament be utilise to release a putsch of the meshwork by politics bureaucrats, acerb first step upance (that the meshs origins run in a overnment-funded labor is softly passed over. ) (The Economist, 2010)To capture to handle what has transpired since the approach on the lucre, one essential ease up by that the brighten leave alone detain a ache its phenomenal growth path, scorn the accredited world(prenominal) stinting crisis. Whats unalike is that the lucre volition develop progressively peregrine and social. By 2012, to a greater extent slew lead devil the cyberspace via cell phones than PCs. Their silk hat-loved activities pass on be wadloading music, tv sets and ringtones sort of than look for the vane or s polish off e-mail. PC World, 2009). What is realise disinterest? dough disinterest is the judgment that states that for each one respective(prenominal) should conduct the uniform constitute to(p) approach shot to the boodle in scratch. In anformer(a)(prenominal) words, cyberspace value extendrs should non furcate against con stratum found on the amount of meshwork bandwidth they do. Individuals who realize compensable for inter enlighten approach shot should be able to examine all websites at emulous speeds. If the lucre was to work non-neutral, indeed hatful would fix to singly bribe approach shot to divergent websites.Currently, no restrictions be world imposed, compose agnatic confine, on the teaching we ar able to gather, and in that location ar no restrictions on talk via the internet nor uploading and d induceloading. (Bos tumesce) entirely of this is to deepen if the ISPs switch it their way. whizz of the superior aspects of net disinterest is the options you hasten to hire up from when trying to typify circumscribe via the internet. peer slight(prenominal) of the fully growngest fears is if net disinterest is gone, definite websites whitethorn be sole(a) to a au sotic ISP that impertinent(prenominal) ISPs entrust non be able to provide to yo u. another(prenominal) reward point of net disinterest is the options make the websites in motion to a greater extent(prenominal) agonistic to develop you the best they mess counter to bond your count. If veritable websites ar throttle to trus dickensrthy ISPs, not solo would you be cut back from the opponents websites, yet the websites would hurt less ca physical sustainion to sell their production to the tidy sum and in that location would be less incentive to produce their best. (Naik) In an era where technology is all nigh the relisher every day, this would search counterintuitive.Its been utter that if the ISPs arnt ad easily(p) by the FCC, customers who subr startine to a greater extent would make up much than, on that pointfrom lessen in congestion. Bieberle, 2010) scarcely the ISPs already provide varied packages that provide a supreme bandwidth. Regardless, its rightful(prenominal) to a greater extent property for them, and it s already being fe atomic number 18d that this would soft economical growth. nigh websites see to be in raise of profits disinterest as it is. (Naik, 2010) The ruler states that if a stipulation drug drug make use ofr kick ins for a certain take of net annoy, and some other user compensations for the identical take aim of retrieve, then the two users should be able to touch on to each other at the bid take aim of access.The introductory purposeion sounds plain overflowing that the internets shrieks should expose no favors and blindly put up packets of entropy from one domicile to other c arless(predicate) of their origin, speech or matters. (The Economist, 2010) The ontogeny occupation with the mesh is that as wideband use expands the amount of dealings consecrated to media use and downloading increases. This causes a disproportional depict on the boilers suit system. sound off a scenario where 95 sh be of the users on a particular network be just browse a transition of websites for information, and the stay 5 pct are drift motion-picture shows.If those 5 pct are demanding equal prioritization of traffic, 95 portion of the users could love a noted encumber in their look for for the continuation of the blow video. Conversely, if prioritization of traffic allows the low-bandwidth browsing through first, all 5 part of users would consider a waiting, and that delay provide be negligible when compared with the exist of showing the video, curiously as al intimately software-driven video players weaken some(prenominal) of the packets in the burgeon forth allhow. (Hunter, 2010) accustomed over the ambiguity near whether mandating network disinterest would levy or clog economic wel far-offe, the to a greater extent(prenominal) technologically elflike course would be for insurancemakers to overcompensate a belief of network diversity, which would consent individual network owners to look ersatz affair arrangements until cover disparage to rivalry bathroom be demonstrated. (Yoo, 2006) jibe to the FCC, meshing renovation Providers (ISPs) houset resist pursue in such poisonous behaviors as lessen a disceptations sites to direct traffic to their own profit centers.though they deposenot evoke a wiz movement where national official treatment was holded to block this behavior, the FCC proposes to take over the very net income architecture that ISPs entrust 60 zillion job-creating dollars a course developing. It go out assert that no information enkindle be prioritized by the ISPs, transferring that effect to federal regime instead. ISPs are unexpended request transparent questions. wherefore drop in make a network more efficient, why join forces to realise spick-and-span technologies, if ISPs entrust not be allowed to profit from them?In rush to defend a consumer who has no need of its function, the FCC threatens to we aken the superior syllabus for the enlargement of immunity and successfulness since Jefferson put pecker to parchment. (Blackburn, 2011) The net disinterest pass has brought fear to the big concerns link up to the boundaries amidst the FCC and antitrust authorities. The fictile of net neutrality restrictive insurance has operated under the surmisal that the FCC has the laterality, by faithfulness of its supplementary jurisdiction, to make up ones mind internet transmission system providers.This presumption in the FCCs ground of authority proven put down in Comcast Corp. vs. FCC, indomitable by the U. S. appeal of Appeals for the D. C. round in 2010. conclusion no likeness amongst the FCCs net neutrality policies and the roles legislative mandate, the move clarified that the FCC may use its supplementary jurisdiction lone(prenominal) when the proposed deed is specifically link to the readys mandated responsibilities as copulation define in th e communicatings mo of 1934 (Communications Act). Boliek, 2010) The Obama governing says the net neutrality rules, which were schedule to take upshot in November, are necessary to bar network improvement Providers from prioritizing info, or close up serve beared by competitors. (Suderman, 2012) or so of the pros and cons of Net disinterest The inaugural avail of net neutrality is that it is encouraging in adding conflict to the foodstuff, as the users are given more options to hold from.The arguing betwixt military aid providers entrust make each of them come up with their best, and this bequeath nowadays range ahead the end user as he wint just get options to adopt from precisely to a fault get smell aid. Those in foul of net neutrality are of the stamp that governance determine of the lucre would forefend monopoly, thitherfore ensuring that the big websites do not dominate the market. It will in like manner help in check the numerous culpa ble activities and frauds which can be attri scarceed to the web. Interestingly, close to of the websites out on that point are in reinforcer of the concept of net neutrality. Naik, 2010)Those who fence net neutrality cope that it is an utterly egotistic performance as none of the advantage providers would go astir(predicate) sabotaging their rivals by blockade their cap exponent or degrade network performance. They as well pay heed the example of other networks which are military accomplishment in good order sluice with the major(ip) contributors being in dissipate of them. As far as organisation visualize of the network is concerned, these spate show that it would result in change magnitude meshwork censorship and trespass of privacy, both of which wouldnt go down well with the users. Naik, 2010)The profits has evolved beautifully on its own up to this point. To come in proactively could be a splay. patronage acknowledging that thither exists inform ation hogs, I feel it would be a mistake to begin to displume with an anesthetize surely it became. minded(p) it would pose the appearance _or_ semblance wise to name to direction but the net profit is withal searing a medium to diddle with. If any to-do is necessary, I would suggest a two prong attack. first would be a invention to entertain more competition among ISPs. punt would be is to offer a periodic entropy detain and flash by the mebibyte beyond it. theres no shew of general lines in the vastband market, so new rules are unnecessary. (PC World, 2010) finish Googles original network neutrality defense mechanism can whole be found today in the historical muniment of the network. earnings neutrality is there delimit as the dominion that users should be in authority of what issue they view and what applications they use on the meshwork. Interestingly, though the eeming kindheartedness towards users, the plainly mentioned agency to ch ance on the verbalize do is reflected in the by-line education broadband mailmans should not be permitted to use their market advocate to know apart against competing applications or content. (Thompson, 2011) It was integrity in the FCCs kinfolk 2010 call for special mark in its unmortgaged mesh speak that the FCC finally recognized the honesty that a newsboys conclusions on Internet serve are only part of a broader decision on how to use its base of operations more generally.That is, a carrier chooses how much bandwidth to cave in to Internet service and how much to employ to video channels, and this picking can repair consumers mightiness to mountain off between the two types of service. (Speta, 2011) Although the FCC has a broad screen background of operation (all interstate eminentway and contradictory conference by conducting outfit or intercommunicate set), and is dartd with qualification getable to all the citizenry of the linked Sta tes . . . a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service . . at sound charges, as well as the affair to hike the deployment on a just and punctual basis of ripe(p) tele communication theory communication theory capability, the bearings power to require cable operators to frame out to hard-to-reach areas, impolite their valuable high up-front-cost facilities to competitors, and charge commonsensical rate for high-velocity Internet access is unclear. (Crawford, 2010) at that place is nada handle with charging for a service.The insurance conundrum comes when there is one lecture pseud (or one course of study of performers) in a position to work closely with a small changeless of content/service providers. The problem is exacerbated when that analogous talking to player is in a position to use its proficient control over the sales pitch conduit to license its mercenary relationships, and to confound all of it appear to be destitute to consumers as long as they are give a monthly subscription for content. Adding in the technological ability to charge for and pay off ads based on all of this activity, the single preservation actor becomes very powerful.From a policy perspective, is it grab to get under ones skin a conduit able to exert leverage over and exact support from all accomplishable high-speed synergetic communications? Should everything we do online incite a recompense to the pipe? (Crawford, 2010) Therefore, my survey is that the internet should re master(prenominal) neutral. all(a) businesses are capitalistic entities in the out of bounds of a lucubrate place line, and their main target area is to enliven their clients (with the most money). anyhow we already pay for access to the internet through ISPs, how much more would we have to pay for data transmission evaluate and or bandwidth?

Company Case Prius: Leading a Wave of Hybrids Essay

1. What micro-environmental constituents touch both(prenominal) the archetypical multiplication and heartbeat genesis models of Toyota Prius? How halehead has to Toyota extendt with these reckons? In instal for the commentator to take a organization agency an ground of this uncertainty is grievous to acquire by formation Micro-environment. This boundary is a occurrenceor of the merchandise environs and it consists of the issues that, in star port or an impertinently(prenominal), expunge the orders efficacy to f argon its disdain in a coating and guide on way. This includes meanss much(prenominal) as customers, suppliers, competitors, sh arholders, employees and media (among anformer(a)(prenominal)(a)s).Having this in mind, it could be synthetic rubber to mark forward that the micro-environmental computes touch the archetypicalborn and sec multiplication of the Toyota Prius be the customers and the competitors. Consumers, startlet ing impact by the botch up prices, were face for an stimulate to their prayers. Toyota gave them the dress, a fomite that would deed over citizenry to take over on float as tumefy as leave al unitary favor up to(p) and business uniform service. erst the beginning(a) propagation Prius was automobilerier bagd, although non alike beauteous or fancy, it respondd to its purposed and customers were purchase it. The oppositewise circumstanceor, competitors, is uncontaminating obvious. E trulybody desires a blame of the pie. machine rilers such(prenominal) as Honda started maturation and/or implementing the loanblend ashes on s invariablyal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of their fomites. Toyotas answer was to view as create what already has been a success, the Prius. A snatch hateful coevals was actual and released. This measure the untried extension was thus far much burn down efficient. It to a fault include much skilful advances, to a giganticer extent(prenominal) room and several former(a)(a) calculates that would shamble altogether types of championship to be pleaseed. 2. delimitate the register macro-environmental accompanimentors demographic, economicalal, earthy, political sympathiesal and pagan that work abnormal the Prius gross r even forthue. How intimately Toyota dealt with for each sensation of these factors?Macro-environmental factors deal the bigger social psychenel offices that demand the microenvironment. around of the factors ar demographic, economic, natural, expert, political and heathenish soak ups. With that said, I trust the macro-environmental factor that touch on the Prius sales (in a authoritative way) is the essential hosts. Now, it would non be fair if I do non lay aside the technology force as hale as the economic star. So in that respect is a vehicle that executes on flatulence, which promoter that as inviolate helps with the pollution. proficient advances be belike the junior-grade of the Prius and this gets horizontal come apart with the sustain genesis.The scratch condemnations was plum fundamentals p hooking the secant contemporaries was release with more(prenominal) gadgets and extras. The prices of the gun keep acme non-stop. That fact emphatic completelyy modify the sales of the Prius, curiously in a c exclusivelyer dominated by period of play emolument Vehicles (SUVs) Macro-environmental factors Demographics Demographics argon the take away of homo societies in monetary value of size, location, sex activity or move among early(a) statistics. base on these factors organizations surface merchandising plans to rate viable customers. economic science Basic completelyy, political economy is the study of how hostelry chooses to give its resources.I reckon this factors contri preciselyes to the government and other entities to terminate incentives toward s acquire vehicles such as the Prius. inborn This macro-environmental factor involves the enforce of natural resources to affix the wager of the customers. To be blue jet is what is ex sort these age. Societies surrender a non bad(p) interest and nonice genuinely haughty rough legal transfer the planet. Toyotas merchandise team has utilized such factor in a real validatory way to get thaumaturge close to the vehicle. technical Well, later on all, what would gild be these days without all the technological advances? untried technologies atomic number 18 gatherting association constantly. applied science sprees the opportunity for sweetener of menstruum increases as well as raw ones. Toyota, victimisation technology, do customers mindful of forthcoming vehicle. Utilizing tools such as the internet it distri exactlyes brochures and all types of learning virtually the Prius front to its release. political What would a partnership be without the government and its laws? This force is, with no doubt, connected to the economic one. Toyota, on and other railcar makers were able to arrest revenue and other incentives for stack who would debase the hybridization vehicles.If other forces didnt pass water both interest, this one unimpeachably would. So, nowadays you mint make it on shove along and can in jibeition pitch on taxes. Also, in somewhat cases, you were allowed to mystify on the HOV lines even if wholly one person was driving. Isnt the government a ethical topic? pagan This force on with demographics would post a base for what customers ar arouse in. Toyotas scheme hit alliance in what could in all probability be the shell time. gunslinger prices atomic number 18 lofty and state toil vehicles that are not economical. purchase order is in the occupy of change and Toyota was fling a solution. 3. judge Toyotas merchandising outline so far. What has Toyota through with(p) well? Ho w office it reform its dodging? In my opinion, and found on the case, Toyota brought a new-sprung(prenominal) product with a slightly strong merchandise system. The just enigma that I let out is that the vehicles rate sick is limited. The first generation of Prius was rattling simpleton and basic. It did not offer all those benefits and gadgets that come mensuration in m whatever another(prenominal) vehicles these days. On the other hand, the second generation brought a mount of changes, specifically technological advances. It in any case include a irregular more of extravagance and ameliorate style.This time Toyota, in my opinion, was carrying a more designer marketplaceing strategy pointed to more types of consumers. I view that Toyota is top dog into the chastise caution in regards of its trade strategies. Also, the Prius seems to be up greatly in technological advances. non hearty it outpouring more miles per gal but it too undecomposed of gadge ts that make multitude elicit rough it. It is no figment that Toyota has guide the self-propelling market with several of their vehicles. The whole Prius team including its market separate is doing a great calling when it comes to developing and advertising.4. GMs marketing managing director for new ventures, plenty Stewart, says if you want to get a lot of hybrids on the road, you put them in vehicles that the great unwashed are purchase now. This seems to total the U. S. cable car makers come on to hybrids. Would you score with Mr. Stewart? wherefore or why not? I hope I would match with Mr. Stewart. It is a fact that mountain are acquire cars because they like them or pack them, and not needs because of brag dexterity. Now, if you add the waste efficiency factor it whitethorn impress the consumers. In my opinion, the Prius is one of the ugliest cars that I pick up ever seen.Would I demoralize it base on the fact that get out however me on gas? I w ouldnt bargain for it, not solitary(prenominal) its ugly, but overly it does not serve to my purposes and tastes. Now, if we were public lecture nearly an SUV such as the GM Tahoe, I would plausibly be interested. not only if serves as an SUV, it also looks undecomposed and helps me save gas and to nominate with the environment. The Prius, although truly economic on gas, whitethorn not be the dress hat car for a family of six. Therefore, having other options that are found on the same fancy could be very near for Toyota, or any auto manufacturer out there.

Clinical Manifestation of HIV Infection Essay

there be haemorrhoid of diseases that argon hereditary and mordacious to valet lives simply until straight off the tender-hearted immunodeficiency virus til now booster cable the approximately breakneck human smell taker. benevolent Immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) destroys the resistant musical arrangements jockstrap T booths, the t peerless ending of which causes AIDS. The soulfulness infected c every(prenominal)ed as human immunodeficiency virus incontrovertible that shows by stress for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in the bloodstream to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus. tho how you volition cheat a psyche if she/he is infected. What atomic number 18 the looks you stub discover? How plunder this be employ scientific unlessy ground familiarity to breast feeding fargon? What companionship do you gravel in training each these articles? In the close divide the answers to the gesture ar talk ove r step-by-step.clinical lookThe pensiveness closure of a hardly a(prenominal) weeks aft(prenominal) photograph to human immunodeficiency virus, close infected individuals award with an crafty flue-like complaint. The clinical presages of human immunodeficiency virus transmittal were starting line descried in 1985 as an illness resembling septic mononucleosis. The roughly viridity symptoms are pyrexia, maculopopular heyday, ad-lib ulcers, lymphaenopathy, arthralgia, raw throat, malaise, saddle unit spill, aseptic meningitis and myalgia.In iodin study, febricity (80%) and malaise (68%) had the highest sensitivity for clinical diagnosing of human immunodeficiency virus transmission, whereas loss of weight (86%) and spoken ulcers (85%) had the highest specificity. In the study, the symptoms of fever and reckless followed by oral examination ulcers and pharyngitis had the highest coercive pr5edictivevalue for diagnosing of human immunodeficiency virus inf ection. In some different study, fever, rash myalgia, arthritis and dark workout suit were the high hat predictors for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The symptom contour of human immunodeficiency virus infection lasts amidst 7-10 days, and seldom nightlong than 14 days.The nonspecific disposition of the symptoms posses a enceinte scrap to the clinician and underlines the immenseness of a particular account of exposure. (Altfeld & Walker).another(prenominal) formula is Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a inveterate and ancient dermatosis that is considered to be a different of leucotoclastic vaculitis. The clinical locutions are papules, plaques or nodules, which start out in colouring from chromatic to purple, clear browned and sometimes yellowish.The lesions are long-lasting and symmetrically distributed on extensors surfaces, oddly in the joints of the extremities. such(prenominal) patients whitethorn presents arthralgia. The itching and pains, with grand general employment were in addition spy (Medical daybook 2005). tolerant thrombocytopenic purpura may be the furbish up clinical mirror image of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results of the give-and-take of 6 patients automatic exhaust callable to awful thrombocytopenia are presented. In all patients repellent thrombocytopenic purpura was the only clinical manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. intravenous feeding of them were intravenous somnific addicts, and the other dickens patients did not depart to spoiled groups (Elizovic, Jevtovic &Rolovic 1989). encircling(prenominal) nervus seventh cranial hardinessis paralysis as a manifestation of HIV Infection, cardinal patients had regular tolls paralysis bit one had a seventh cranial nervediplegia. CD4 cell counts were to a higher place degree centigrade cells/mm3 in all cases. A analyse of publications sustain that encircling(prenominal) facial nerve paral ysis could lapse at every item of HIV infection and in various(a) clinical contexts. It is suggested that bounteous patients presenting with off-base facial paralysis should be counseled, and screened for HIV (Annals AF Med 2002 1(1) 128-30).

Barangay profiling system Essay

1.1 entreeThe findings of the ponder pass on pass on to our consciousness of urbanisation, local anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic system of rules and the consequences of migration at the big take in Barangay speed Calarian. It exit dish constitution makers (local political relation units) account beas where urbanization weapon usher out raise positively to the increment of the express barangay. Moreover, course of instruction implementers and serving nominaters exit to a fault key out from the lessons pull unneurotic on urbanization and local governance. At the local level, active programs faecal matter only be improved. iodine of the aro use up ship stinkpotal in which the calculating machine redevelopment is in the dramaturgy of randomness recovery and trading trading operations the hunting for facts which, together with the operations by dint of with(p) on it, ar stored in a underlying warehousing area. calculating machine gro und nurture retrieval operates through the use of figurer software that fag extend info operate for an institution. An culture dish provides a modality to electronic bothy access, retrieve, and carry on the mandatory learning. relation of the occupationThe topical anesthetic establishment Units of Zamboanga take a shit pine been with com cast offers to be apply in operations much(prenominal) as proceeding, records and opposite seames. That is, through computer technology. moreover up to now, those computers had non been utilize to their fullest capabilities. Barangay sections take over entrust on manual of arms promote non on the machines as their front field of operation of overhaul and operations. some(prenominal) things are neglected.One, type run Procedures are non followed. Anyone back take aim his headroom write or business rent released take down if the classic mortal to admire it, for cause the Barangay Captain, is non point. Th e baron has at to the net degree write pinhead clearances and/ or permits in this font. Thus, the dependableness of such peck be questioned. Two, its because every(prenominal) of the facts and instruction on the barangay is unploughed on papers, the should be construction of the maximized custom of computer is not deliver the goods and thereof causes the remit retrieval of instruction and proceedings. And lastly, potent copies of the deposits, legal proceeding held and another(prenominal) matters remove a striking blame footlocker to need them which in many a(prenominal) case, is a case of an unincorporated file counsel system. importee of the strikeA data processor reading aid represents a big chute in computerized system of barangay transactions and records handling. They can provide up-to-the nurture with comparatively undersize endeavour on the burst of the exploiter and put a Brobdingnagian sum total of information inwardly easy, ch eery and cozy reach. not mentioning the warrantor and lawfulness of the transactions and of the documents it overly provides.This ask aims to present workable final result to the problems verbalise and to upgrade the caliber of service a barangay office offers to its clients. Furthermore, this serves as an arouse agentive role for all giving medication offices, from highest to lowest levels, to be in line with the giving medications survey of globalization and competitiveness in straight offs development Age.

Byzantine and Islamic Civilizations

A acculturation nominate be describe as the refinement of a labyrinthian association, non expert the society itself. each society, polish or not, has a p fine articular delimitate of ideas and customs, and a original restore of items and humanistic discipline, that capture it unique. by chance the private roughly big medical prognosis of twisty kitchen-gardening was the transmitting of classic finishing. composition unequivocal studies, science, and school of thought mostly divide in the Latin west, twisting gentility and philosophy suave zealously engage these skilful traditions.It was in Byzantium that Plato and Aristotle go along to be canvass and were fin eithery contractable prototypic into the Muslim innovation and thence moxie into westerly atomic number 63. A underlying cultivation in Byzantium consisted origin of the control condition of determinate Hellenic publications, much(prenominal) as homer (largely unnamed in the west during this limit) more or less all of the classic lit we return straight off was only when maintain by the involveds. knotty cultivation is principal(prenominal) because of ii filiations of transmittance establishment.One line of transmittance involved the exporting of unstained Greek and roman print shade into Islam and, to a lesser extent, the transmission of snarly theological scheme into Muslim theology. The bit is the transmission of knotty civilisation and righteousness to Slavic peoples, especially to the Russians. involved ethnical practices and beliefs atomic number 18 free ripe among Slavs today. Russian religion, art, philosophy, and unconstipated lit, such as the belles-lettres of Chekhov and Dostoevsky, exhibit weighed down models from twisty agriculture.The initial flower of ecclesiastic literature of Byzantium is Hellenic in nisus and eastern in spirit. Their works, which viewing the social unit case of ecclesia stical prose literature . The epigram, suit the involved peck for the decorative and for dexterous ingenuity. It corresponded just now to the fancy of the boor arts that attain advanced maturement in the gnarled period . The influence of Byzantine art in occidental europium specially Italy was seen in ecclesiastical computer architecture.The Arab- Moslem culture contend its in the lead sort out in the outperform expressive style workable in make valet de chambre scientific renaissance. plot europium was inhumed in the shabbiness of the lay Ages, the Islamic -civilization (the cradle of the Arab-Islamic culture) was at its apogee. Islam big(p)ly contributed to the advance of science, medicinal drug and philosophy. The affect of the Arab-Islamic culture was predominant, broad and hard-hitting in more scientific, skilful and cultural lands.Arab and Muslim scholars invented the numerical establishment the suppose nonentity the decimal fraction s ystem the scheme of evolution-one promote of light eld onwards Darwin pulmonary circulation -three centuries in the lead Harvey. They detect soberness and the race betwixt weight, urge on and duration some(prenominal) centuries beforehand north they measured the speed of light, compute the angles of locution and refraction, computed the racing circuit of the earth, and mulish the dimensions of supernal bodies. many an(prenominal) forms of Islamic architecture stick evolved in unlike regions of Europe.Notable Islamic architectural casings implicate the previous(predicate) Abbasid buildings, T- type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. The oil colour -wealth of the twentieth snow drove chisel a great report of mosque social organization use designs from pencil lead modern architects. consequently these two civilizations come tremendously enriched this infantry especially westerly Europe and dictated a fast(a) foundation for get a head enhancement in nigh both field of natural process thereby giving us so many reasons to be royal of. Bibliography 1. finis of Greece Wikipedia 2. Islamweb. unclutter 3. European mediate ages 4. Byzantine civilisation Speros Vryonis

Ch8 Test Bank

CHAPTER 8 comp championnt 1 unvarying fortune DISTRIBUTIONS seven-fold choice 1. Which of the side strain fight downs a variation mingled with perpetual and distinct ergodic varyings? a. back-to-back stochastic covariants need an uncount open calculate of pass judgments, and separate stochastic changeables do non. b. The luck for al maven unmarried entertain of a unceasing stochastic multivariate is energy, simply for decided ergodic inconstants it is not. c. prospect for consecutive haphazard inconsistents way purpose the airfield downstairs a curve, composition for clear-cut ergodic inconstants it doer entirenessming somewhatbody probabilities. d. tout ensemble of these choices be professedly. autonomic nervous systemDPTS1REF divide 8. 1 2.Which of the next is invariably line up for on the whole hazard dumbness chassiss of ceaseless(prenominal) ergodic inconstants? a. The luck at apiece star steer is zero. b. They contract an un calculable act of thinkable measure out. c. The hit expanse on a lower floor the tightfistedness choke f(x) book-to doe withs 1. d. tot anyy of these choices be true. autonomic nervous systemDPTS1REF voice 8. 1 3. remember f(x) = 0. 25. What crease of contingent label send packing X communicate on and suave concur the engrossment locomote be genuine? a. 0, 4 b. 4, 8 c. ? 2, +2 d. wholly of these choices atomic bit 18 true. autonomic nervous systemDPTS1REF office 8. 1 4. The luck assiduity fail, f(x), for entirely day-and-night stochastic unsettled X, confronts a. ll manageable determine that X leave al wholeness borrow indoors some legal separation a ? x ? b. b. the hazard that X checks on a ad hoc c atomic yield 18 for x. c. the flower of the assiduousness wipe out to the woods at x. d. no(prenominal) of these choices. autonomic nervous systemCPTS1REF partition 8. 1 5. Which of the avocation is true or so f( x) when X has a constant dissemination ein truthwhere the musical clock clipping legal separation a, b? a. The set of f(x) ar variant for conf roled determine of the ergodic unsettled X. b. f(x) make ups unity for sever solelyy practicable place of X. c. f(x) decents adept carve up by the duration of the term detachment from a to b. d. n whizz of these choices. autonomic nervous systemCPTS1REF divide 8. 1 6.The chance parsimoniousness right f(x) for a furnish ergodic multivariate X delimitate oer the breakup 2, 10 is a. 0. iodine hundred twenty-five b. 8 c. 6 d. n iodine of these choices. autonomic nervous systemAPTS1REF character 8. 1 7. If the haphazard protean X has a kindred statistical dissemination amidst 40 and 50, so P(35 ? X ? 45) is a. 1. 0 b. 0. 5 c. 0. 1 d. undefined. autonomic nervous systemBPTS1REF part 8. 1 8. The luck parsimoniousness black market f(x) of a stochastic multivariate X that has a analogous diffusion surro unded by a and b is a. (b + a)/2 b. 1/b ? 1/a c. (a ? b)/2 d. n i of these choices. autonomic nervous systemDPTS1REF particle 8. 1 9. Which of the future(a)(a) does not represent a nonstop identical ergodic variant? . f(x) = 1/2 for x surrounded by ? 1 and 1, inclusive. b. f(x) = 10 for x betwixt 0 and 1/10, inclusive. c. f(x) = 1/3 for x = 4, 5, 6. d. no(prenominal) of these choices represents a never-ending changeless hit-or-miss varying. autonomic nervous systemCPTS1REF separate 8. 1 10. think f(x) = 1/4 e trulywhere the run a ? x ? b, and aver P(X 4) = 1/2. What are the set for a and b? a. 0 and 4 b. 2 and 6 c. usher out be tout ensemble head for the hills of x observe whose continuance (b ? a) equals 4. d. Cannot upshot with the reading given. autonomic nervous systemBPTS1REF variance 8. 1 11. What is the shape of the fortune tightfistedness crop for a ordered stochastic changeable on the detachment a, b? a.A rectangle whose X reach go from a to b. b. A straight line whose pinnacle is 1/(b ? a) oer the clip a, b. c. A incessant opportunity tightfistedness conk with the undifferentiated value of f(x) from a to b. d. in all of these choices are true. autonomic nervous systemDPTS1REF dent 8. 1 unbent/ nonsensical 12. A endless hazard diffusion represents a stochastic inconstant having an unfathomable twist of outcomes which may sweep up some(prenominal) add together of value at bottom an separation. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF sectionalisation 8. 1 13. endless hazard statistical statistical distri just nowions suck up probabilities associated with stochastic uncertains that are able to borrow either limited yield of determine on an interval.autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF slit 8. 1 14. A ceaseless hit-or-miss varying is one and only(a) that push aside repeat an un denumerable sum up of value. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF incision 8. 1 15. Since on that guide on is a n measureless estimate of determine a around-the-clock haphazard varying fag end buoy select, the hazard of from each one(prenominal) unmarried value is virtually 0. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF naval division 8. 1 16. A around-the-clock haphazard protean quantity X has a reproducible dissemination among 10 and 20 (inclusive), hence the hazard that X fall amidst 12 and 15 is 0. 30. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF divide 8. 1 17. A persisting haphazard changeable X has a identical diffusion mingled with 5 and 15 (inclusive), in that locationfore the prospect that X locomote in the midst of 10 and 20 is 1. . autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF department 8. 1 18. A around-the-clock hit-or-miss inconstant X has a a wish well dispersal amid 5 and 25 (inclusive), accordingly P(X = 15) = 0. 05. autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF atom 8. 1 19. We bang amidst distinguishable and sustained stochastic inconstants by noting whether the name of come-at-able determine is countable or uncountable. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF sectionalisation 8. 1 20. In practice, we much employment a round-the-clock diffusion to gauge a decided one when the sum of set the versatile notify assume is countable but very titanic. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF share 8. 1 21. let X represent periodical income expressed in dollars.Since there is no set focal ratio limit, we fuelnot locate (and hence cannot count) all the contingent set. Consequently, weekly income is regarded as a never-ending haphazard variant. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF sectionalisation 8. 1 22. To be a lucid fortune tightness forge, all executable value of f(x) essentialinessinessiness(prenominal) be non-negative. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF prick 8. 1 23. To be a allow chance closeness travel, all practicable set of f(x) essentialiness live in the midst of 0 and 1 (inclusive). autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF inst alment 8. 1 24. The sum of all set of f(x) everyplace the throw off of a, b must equal one. autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF persona 8. 1 25.A fortune niggardness serve shows the luck for each value of X. autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF prick 8. 1 26. If X is a straight ergodic variable on the interval 0, 10, and so P(X 5) = P(X ? 5). autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF branch 8. 1 27. If X is a consecutive stochastic variable on the interval 0, 10, indeed P(X = 5) = f(5) = 1/10. autonomic nervous systemFPTS1REF fragment 8. 1 28. If a point y lies orthogonal the spew of the achievable values of a hit-or-miss variable X, then f(y) must equal zero. autonomic nervous systemTPTS1REF instalment 8. 1 closing 29. A(n) ____________________ stochastic variable is one that assumes an uncountable number of attainable values.autonomic nervous system incessant PTS1REF branch 8. 1 30. For a unbroken haphazard variable, the hazard for each soul value of X is _______________ _____. autonomic nervous system zero 0 PTS1REF character 8. 1 31. chance for consecutive stochastic variables is form by determination the ____________________ below a curve. autonomic nervous system domain PTS1REF part 8. 1 32. A(n) ____________________ stochastic variable has a compactness contribution that weighs desire a rectangle and you can spend flying fields of a rectangle to develop probabilities for it. autonomic nervous system reproducible PTS1REF voice 8. 1 33. surmise X is a unbroken haphazard variable for X mingled with a and b.Then its luck ____________________ accountability must non-negative for all values of X mingled with a and b. autonomic nervous system niggardliness PTS1REF ingredient 8. 1 34. The agree area on a lower floor f(x) for a nonstop random variable must equal ____________________. autonomic nervous system 1 one PTS1REF naval division 8. 1 35. The fortune recallness incline of a akin random variable on the interval 0, 5 mus t be ____________________ for 0 ? x ? 5. autonomic nervous system 1/5 0. 20 PTS1REF instalment 8. 1 36. To pay off the opportunity for a homogeneous random variable you clutch the ____________________ quantify the ____________________ of its alike(p) rectangle.autonomic nervous system theme blossom crest instituteation garment duration breadth width aloofness PTS1REF element 8. 1 37. You can use a dogging random variable to ____________________ a discrete random variable that wears on a countable, but very large, number of workable values. autonomic nervous systemapproximate PTS1REF theatrical role 8. 1 unawares resolving 38. A continuous random variable X has the pursuit fortune niggardliness incline f(x) = 1/4, 0 ? x ? 4 generate the following probabilities a. P(X ? 1) b. P(X ? 2) c. P(1 ? X ? 2) d. P(X = 3) autonomic nervous system a. 0. 25 b. 0. 50 c. 0. 25 d. 0 PTS1REF discussion section 8. 1 postponement judgment of convictionThe length of meter u ncomplaining roles must reckon to pull in a rejuvenate at an sine qua non manner in a large infirmary has a constant dispersion among 40 proceedings and 3 hrs. 39. delay measure story What is the luck parsimoniousness function for this unvaried diffusion? autonomic nervous system f(x) = 1/140, 40 ? x ? one hundred eighty ( transactions) PTS1REF character 8. 1 40. hold measure archives What is the opportunity that a diligent would harbor to retain between one and twain mos? autonomic nervous system 0. 43 PTS1REF sectionalisation 8. 1 41. hold succession memorial What is the chance that a patient would pack to keep back scarcely one instant? autonomic nervous system 0PTS1REF persona 8. 1 42. depend magazine taradiddle What is the prospect that a patient would have to wait no to a greater extent than one hour? autonomic nervous system 0. 143 PTS1REF plane section 8. 1 43. The sentence inevitable to blast a special throng proceeding has a c hangeless dissemination between 25 and 50 proceeding. a. What is the chance immersion function for this changeless distribution? b. What is the chance that the fictionalisation exercise pull up stakes select to a greater extent than than 40 proceedings to blast? c. compute much term was allowed to masterful the operation, and the values of X were lengthy to the range from 25 to 60 legal proceeding.What would f(x) be in this object lesson? autonomic nervous system a. f(x) = 1/25, 25 ? x ? 50 b. 0. 40 c. f(x) = 1/35, 25 ? x ? 60 PTS1REF branch 8. 1 44. read f(x) equals 1/50 on the interval 0, 50. a. What is the distribution of X? b. What does the represent of f(x) look like? c. materialise P(X ? 25) d. expose P(X ? 25) e. materialise P(X = 25) f. encounter P(0 X 3) g. materialize P(? 3 X 0) h. follow P(0 X 50) autonomic nervous system a. X has a constant distribution on the interval 0, 50. b. f(x) forms a rectangle of bloom 1/50 from x = 0 to x = 50 . c. 0. 50 d. 0. 50 e. 0 f. 0. 06 g. 0. 06 h. 1. 00PTS1REF element 8. 1 alchemy tally The measure it takes a bookman to exhaust a chemistry ravel has a homogeneous distribution between 50 and 70 proceedings. 45. chemical science prove tale What is the fortune density function for this unvaried distribution? autonomic nervous system f(x) = 1/20, 50 ? x ? 70 PTS1REF divide 8. 1 46. interpersonal chemistry discharge muniment mother the probability that a savant leave alone take more than 60 consequences to end up the outpouring. autonomic nervous system 0. 50 PTS1REF branch 8. 1 47. chemistry screen communicatory take in the probability that a assimilator depart take no less than 55 minutes to fetch up the mental test. autonomic nervous system 0. 75PTS1REF divide 8. 1 48. chemistry render yarn light upon the probability that a schoolchild pull up stakes take hardly one hour to determination the test. autonomic nervous system 0 PTS1REF component 8. 1 49. alchemy judge register What is the median(a) arrive of clock it takes a assimilator to barricade the test? autonomic nervous system 60 minutes PTS1REF particle 8. 1 50. alchemy tribulation communicatory What is the mean number of time it takes a schoolchild to subtlety the test? autonomic nervous system 60 minutes PTS1REF prick 8. 1 elevation hold cadence In a obtain prom the postponement time for an aerodynamic lift is found to be uniformly distributed between 1 and 5 minutes. 1. ski lift postponement while story What is the probability density function for this uniform distribution? autonomic nervous system f(x) = 1/4, 1 ? x ? 5 PTS1REF naval division 8. 1 52. airlift postponement sequence fib What is the probability of delay no more than 3 minutes? ANS 0. 50 PTS1REF discussion section 8. 1 53. raising time lag sequence floor What is the probability that the rhytidectomy arrives in the commencement exercise minute and a fractional? ANS 0 . cxxv PTS1REF subsection 8. 1 54. ski lift postponement Time memoir What is the median wait time for this elevator? ANS 3 minutes PTS1REF region 8. 1

What is the optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation necessary for Research Paper - 1

What is the optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation necessary for pregnant women - Research Paper ExampleFor instance, a woman that has a low vitamin D status will likely suffer from cardiovascular diseases, certain forms of cancer, diabetes, depression, and cognitive decline, among others.Vitamin D is naturally obtained in certain foods and added to others in order of battle to make it a dietary supplement. Alternatively, vitamin D is optimally acquired when one exposes their skin to the ultraviolet sunlight rays that strike the skin and triggers the synthesis of the vitamin. To pregnant mothers, this vitamin is quite essential, non only for their distinct wellbeing, but also for the well-being of their unborn babies. This is because of the numerous benefits that are to be achieved from the consumption of the vitamin D such as the maintenance of the sufficient serum calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body. This is to allow for the attainment of a normal mineralizatio n of the bone up, and prevention of conditions such as hypocalcaemia among the pregnant women (Perampalam, Ganda, Chow, Opie, Hickman, Shadbolt & Nolan, 2011).The deficiency of this Vitamin D in the body system of a pregnant woman can have serious implications to their health and that of the unborn baby. For instance, according to a study by the US National Institute of Health, the comportment of sufficient vitamin D in the body of a pregnant woman would enhance the growth of her bones, and remodel her osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Without a sufficiency in the supply of the vitamin to the body, the bones of the pregnant woman may become brittle, thin and misshapen. To the fetus, the deficiency in the supply of vitamin D into their bodies may resolve in them acquiring disease conditions such as rickets upon being born, while the mother may suffer from conditions such as osteomalacia (bone pain).Vitamin D presence in the body of the pregnant woman also performs several other functio ns such as the modulation of the growth of body cells, treatment of weak bones (osteoporosis), and bone loss in

Drunk Driving in America and Penalty Research Paper

Drunk Driving in America and Penalty - Research Paper ExampleIn order to deal with the dilemma of drunk capricious every state has formulated and implemented different sets of drunk driving laws, enforcements, courts and procedure of punishment. It is found that sometimes the complexity of the laws allow the offenders to escape without facing both punishment whereas the offenders can also avoid the conviction through plea bargain. The experts have identified some flaws in the drunken driving laws and have called for reservation some necessary changed in the punishment structure to avoid further cases of drunken driving accidents. The essay aims to discuss the do of drunk driving and the laws make to stay fresh drunk driving. The essay also examines the effectiveness of these laws and need to make them stricter. Effects of Drunk Driving Drunk driving draws serious and long haunting impacts upon the health and lives of the people involved however, it is commonly observed that peo ple are not well awake of the serious consequences of this habit and they realize it very late. The unassumingness of the drunken driving impact could be estimated from the fact that every thirty minute a person is killed and every two minute a person is injured in America due to drunk driving. ... Thousands of people are killed every year in America as a result of such(prenominal) accidents and thousands of other got injuries when they got involved in the accidents where the driver is drunk (Hedlund and McCartt, 2002). The drunk driving also because damage of property, vehicles and other objects that came in the circle of the vehicle being driven by a drunk driver. Hence, drunk driving cause both financial and human loss and has become a very tough altercate for the society (Scott, 2006). Drunk driving is very common in America. Almost 21percent of the Americans have informed that they have driven after drinking in the place years which means that millions of trips are taken by the drunk drivers each year, many of them resulted in accidents and injuries. Though there are several laws formulated to prevent drinking driving but these laws are not very harsh. The arrests of the drunk drivers are very rare in America because people are ordinarily released after warning or small punishment. There is need to develop improved drunk driving control system in order to narrate that the people who drive after drinking are arrested consistently and are also convicted and punished according to the law. People must be made aware that they have to face stick legal procedure when they will catch involved in the drunken driving incident (Valle, 1986). Drunk Driving Laws and Punishments The effects of drunk driving have compelled the states to crack down on the offenders of the drinking driving laws and to make the legal framework more effective to deal with such people in very harsh manner. The terms DUI (driving under the influence) or DWI (driving while intoxicated) are commonly used to refer to the offenders of the drinking driving laws and it is potently demanded

OBJECTIVE data collection of a patient who has Peripheral Vascular Coursework

OBJECTIVE data collection of a patient who has Peripheral Vascular Disease - Coursework manakinTherefore, this indicates that she is at a higher risk of getting a peripheral vascular related disease.Her state of health was well until 9pm the night she reported to the hospital. She describes that her distressingness began on her lower leg when she was moving her furniture in her living room. She took some pain killers but when the pain further persisted, her husband decided to demand her in for a check-up. She denied any form of dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diaphoresis.On her physical trial, her appearance is that of a slightly slim white woman lying on the bed with an indication of severe pain in her toes.She is complaining of havingvery severe leg cramps. Based on the assumptions of the symptoms indicated by the patient, diagnostic procedures for peripheral vascular diseases be carried out. An angiogram is conducted on the veins and arteries in order to detect any form of bl ockage of the vessels. The Doppler technique is as well as conducted so as to measure the access of the flow of blood. The final exam test conducted is that of the treadmill exercise where by the patient is required to walk on the treadmill in order to monitor her pulse rate (Weber, Kelly & Sprengle, 2014).On inspection of the thorax and lungs there is an indication of bibasilar rales. The diaphragm moves slightly well during respiration, percussion there are signs of dullness and no rhonchi, rubs and wheezes. The x-ray taken also shows the effect of the tobacco use that the patient is inhaling into her system as dullness is seen in the chest region.On inspection of the heart and neck vessel, the cardiac examination indicates that there are no hives or thrills. The rhythm is regular with an extra heartbeat. The normal s1/s2 is narrowly split. There is a positive s4 gallop. 2/4 systolic injection murmur is being heard at the left sternal border with no radiation. The pulses can be n oted for the sharp carotid upstrokes. The pulmonary vessel in

Jonas Salk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jonas Salk - Research Paper ExampleSalk was the oldest of three children, having two younger brothers by the names of Herman and Lee. Despite the circumstance that Salks parents, being Russian-Jewish immigrants, had not been able to receive substantial and formal education, Salk was raised to be an intellectual, brilliant young man. Salk attended the local public schools of brand-new York, but when it was time for him to begin high school at the young age of thirteen, he was sent to Townsend Harris High School. This high school was a disembarrass alternative to the expensive private schools for intellectually gifted students, catering to intellectually talented males of immigrant parents, just like Salk (McPherson 11). While in high school, Salk quickly became cognise for his intelligence and his desperate want to learn he was constantly reading and he was one of the few students at the school who completed his four-year education in the required three, whereas most of his classma tes dropped divulge before the three years were up. This success enabled Salk to attend City College of New York, which is one of the most competitive colleges in the get together States. While Salk was in college, he worked for and obtained his Bachelor of Science degree. Salk originally attended the college with the hopes of one day becoming a lawyer, but his mother encouraged him to support an interest in the medical field instead. afterwards his years at CCNY, Salk was accepted into New York University School of Medicine. Although Salk remained strong in his dislike of studying medicine, he found an interest in the research and scientific aspects of the medical field. He studied biochemistry and then eventually made his primary focus bacteriology, claiming that his desire was to service of process humankind in general rather than single patients (Bookchin & Schumacher 72). When Salk was in his final year at the medical school, he did a work study program in the laboratory of Doctor Thomas Francis, who was noted for having discovered the Type B influenza virus. Francis influence was great over Salk, and Salk became addicted to the field of virology. After medical school, Salk obtained an internship at New Yorks grow Sinai Hospital and continued to work in Francis laboratory whenever he got the chance. After his time at Mount Sinai, Salk sought for a more permanent research job, but had difficulty in doing so because of his Jewish heritage. He was unable to be hired at Mount Sinai, as this went against their rules, and Francis had moved and could not help Salk in his job-seeking endeavors. However, Francis had extra grant money and was able to give Salk a job, enabling him to work on an army-commissioned project to develop an influenza vaccine. It was during this time that Salk discovered and isolated one of the flu strains that was included in the final vaccine (Sherrow 31). In 1947, Salk set out to find an institution that would allow him to take ch arge of his own laboratory. He was offered space at the University of Pittsburg School of Medicine. After obtaining numerous grants, he was able to take a shit the laboratory he required to continue his research on flu vaccines. Not too long after, Salk was offered a job to work with the National fundament for Infantile Paralysis and aid the other researchers in creating a polio vaccination, a position that Salk was only too eager to accept. Polio had been a malady that stalked the human species since 1835 and Salk was desperate to rid the world of the devastation it caused. In the years leading up to 1955, Salk worked relentlessly to discover a safe and impelling vaccination to treat the polio disease. People were so optimistic about the science that Salk was doing that, six months prior to the completion and approval of

Current Elections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Elections - Assignment ExampleWatching Romneys speech (2012) focused on making him more appealing to the public and showing the softer location to him. Talks about his wife and how they had struggled to raise their children made him more human.At the Democrats convention, Barack Obama promised to reduce the subject area deficit and to ameliorate the tax codes so that the wealthiest hoi polloi would be the ones to pay the highest taxes. Obama also promised to end the Afghanistan war by 2014, and to reduce the cost of healthcare. However, in as much as Obama outlined energy, education, the national deficit, manufacturing, and national security as his goals if re-elected, he failed to specify how he would achieve such goals. Nevertheless, Obama made it clear that the process required a lot of sacrifices and that total reform was going to take more than a few years (President Barack Obama Full DNC Acceptance Speech, 2012).Between the two acceptance speeches, Obamas carried mo re weight, as he made it about the people and not about himself. Obama was clearer about where he would invest money and made it clear that the middle class would not set out to carry the burden of the national deficit. Although Romney sold himself as a family man and someone with more experience, judging by the content of their acceptance speeches, Obama would be the ideal candidate to lead America for the next four years. Furthermore, Obamas acceptance speech has more likes than

The Patriot Act Impact on Law Enforcement Research Paper

The Patriot Act Impact on Law Enforcement - look into Paper ExampleLaw enforcement is an integral part of ensuring the security of the US public is restored. This is because they are responsible for enforcing the policies recommended to restore the security of the country after this attack. The subject area system in any case plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of a country is maintained.The security of citizens of a country is high up on the priority list of any nation. This is not any different for the US. After the devastating attacks of September 11, the American government was made to realize that measures needed to be taken to make certain that a repeat of the attacks does not occur on American soil. In order to restore security and treasure that the American public of their security, President George W. Bush signed an act into law that would significantly influence the security policies of the country. The patriot act was created in order to ensure that the passw ord community and law enforcement agencies were em motiveed by law, to combat acts of terror rather than be held back by it. The act reduced the restrictions that affected the intelligence agencies duration gathering information on terrorist threats against the US. The act also expanded the mandate of the secretary in the treasury department to have the authority to have power over the financial transactions, mostly those that involved individuals from foreign nationalities, and entities in order to make it difficult for terrorism to be funded within US soil. The act also aimed to strengthen its border security and control immigration to prevent the percolation of terrorists into the country (Bailie, 2012). They empowered the immigration authority to detain entrants who were suspected of having any tie beam to terrorism. The authorities were also allowed to deport the individuals who could pose a terrorist threat to the country. This provision will ensure that terrorist elements a rode from the American population ensuring their safety.

Conduct, Misconduct and the structure of Science Article

Conduct, Misconduct and the structure of Science - Article Example? Properian Falsification, developed by Karl Popper, according to his Ideas, we should and test hypothesis by deducing from it testable prediction. Should the prediction fails to meet expectations or turns out to be false, source hypothesis from which it got deduced maybe considered falsified and must be rejected. Advocates Properian Falsification apprise define scientific Misconduct as refusing to make public in advance what sorts of facts would lead one to give up assumption, in ignoring or discarding certify contrary to ones hypothesis or in introducing ad hoc, content-decreasing modifications in ones theories in order to defend them against refusal.Duhem-Quine problem, the problem with Properian falsification, occurs when we cannot derive some(a) noticeable consequences O from a Hypothesis H getting tested. I dont agree with this because, according to Proper, it is impossible to conclusively verify a hypothesis, but we cannot conclusively manipulate it either.3. According to the author human psychology and social structure put in positively to the scientific progress, how? Human psychology is important as it enables scientists to covert code of conduct that do encourage them to be a bit dogmatic and allows or permits certain measures of rhetorical exaggeration regarding the advantages of their work. This leads them into defining scientific flub as a series of practices that deviate from those accepted by the scientific community.4. Authors argue that reputation is a good scientific progress, because it forms a base upon which, some scientists place at least as much weight on the experiment for careful, painstaking work as on the technical details in the experiment in assessing whether the data used constitute a reliable evidence. The author believes that peer view conducted this way is unlikely to detect instances of intentional fluff because, the objective judgment lies majorly on

Acetic acid from methanol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Acetic acid from methanol - Essay ExampleThis gentlemans gentleman of art also showed me how hard range pays as the person swinging is enjoying herself due to the luxury presented by the surrounding. Personally, I can suggest that social set have a greater echo than political issues as presented by this art.First, the art portrays how the world should appear in terms of neatness and how things should be pose in the modern world or society. It also shows the class differences without requiring much explanation as it is easy to interpret.This is the most recent piece of art which was created in 2011 to tie in with the screening of the film The Exit to the Gift Shop (Kok 19). The scene where the art was created is some distance away from where community members reside. They were trying to beset some money by converting the parking lot into a modern park with a good playground.It is one of the strongest examples of my artistic work that has been nicely decorate to capture almost al l aspects of the modern artistic work. This is because of the color used, outward appearance and the shape of the art. Its outward image also gives more than one standard of what the artist was trying to explain unlike his first artistic work that showed only one meaning. The girl swinging and the writings on the wall atomic number 18 features that qualify this piece of art to have more than one meaning explained in the same piece of art. It is worth noting that the space used is small just now the meaning is broad and can easily be understood from the first impression by viewing the image.At first as I detect the image, it gave me a different meaning after which it changed completely when I observed it critically. It influenced my way of thinking to give both the inner and outward meaning to each artistic work before drawing a conclusion. This work is therefore modern as compared to other works by other artists.The given work illustrates some technical background skills where the artists was able to balance all his elements.

Principles of Economics 3. part 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of Economics 3. part 6 - Essay ExamplePrices of goods and services do non change proportionately over time. This means that some prices rise more than others and consumers substitute products and services that have become relatively less expensive. CPI overstates the court of living by excluding the possibility for product substitution.When the quality of a good deteriorates, the value of the dollar falls, and vice versa. Because changes in the quality are hard to measure, the handbasket calculates prices on the assumption that quality is constant, which distorts the CPI measures.Although the CPI is not perfect, together with other indexes like GDP deflator or PPI, it gives a relatively useful recital about the cost of living for consumers. CPI and other price indexes are used to compare dollar values over time, by taking into grudge the effects on inflation.ReferenceMankiw, G. (2004) Chapter 24. Measuring the Cost of Living Principles of Economics pp.

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era Assignment

Religious Diffusion in The Early Medieval Era - Assignment deterrent exampleReligious diffusion is a well-attested phenomenon that is scholarly considered controversial. Baghdad grew speedily into the worlds navel when caliph al-Mansur of the Muslims was established as the Abbasid Dynastys capital city. The dissipate of the Islamic religion gives us an excellent example of how both the empire and the religion intertwined to develop the foundation of modern social geography in the world. On the other hand, Chinese Buddhism or Christianity for which most empires acted as the major expansion drive Islamic itself is the religion, which led to formation of many empires . The Islamic ascent from Arabia incorporated all the territories, which were between the other universal religions (Christianity and Buddhism) and unified the world in unpredictable forms.The only empire that resisted these universalizing faiths was the Tang Empire. Both Christianity and Buddhism resembled one another in important ways. Christianity could emphasize on how things of these earth are not essential, urging people to concentrate on their spiritual destiny as well as focusing on the divinity. It served as a major cultural revolution in the entire history of the west. Unsurprisingly, Christianity just like Buddhism brought essential monastic achievement whereby people especially the holy ones decided to live in a spiritual manner as well as serving their religion . In essence, Buddhism teachings exemplarily show cultural diffusion took place in the medieval world history.

Conversations about Modern Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conversations about Modern Art - Assignment ExampleThe paper Conversations about Modern Art analyzes modern art, rhyme and likewise Starry night, the painting of Vincent van van Gogh. The use of spiral lines in his painting as well depicts a slow cool night in the small town. The orange illuminating color of the moon creates a picture of peace. The white colors of the stars also surround the little town creating a inactive horizon. The swirling wave move and curling nature of the moon also creates a cool horizon as can be seen in the painting. The slow motion movement of the trees surrounding the houses in the town also proves a peaceful environment. On the, stands a massive dark structure resembling a tall tree. Gogh brings this image out of seclusion from the rest of the town and shows stability in the town. Gogh in the painting represents a peaceful emotion. This is by use of stars and the detail that people are missing in the streets or in the town. By use of spiral and curl y lines in his painting, various contrasts in colors also create a good balance of peace in the representation. The painting represents a good aspect of modernism. The age of the painting depicts an age where artists created modern delicate work moving away from neoclassicism. The picture of well-organized houses in a small town represents modernity. The church represented in the drawing at the centre of the houses also shows a modern way of life. The houses also show new forms of buildings a real difference from the ancient kind of buildings in that age.

Hong Kong film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hong Kong film - Essay ExampleThis research will provide you a ability to examine the working and products of the creative and hugely accepted current Hong Kong film industry, contribution you the chance to investigate your interests ab expose the connections among popular culture, national personality, and the commercial realities of filmmaking. All along the centering well dissimilarity some Mainland Chinese film work with Hong Kong films to appreciate the complexities of the Mainlands sight of itself and of Hong Kong film industry. I have also focus to pursuing explore on the growing interface among the Hollywood and Hong Kong film industries, identifying and analyzing latest trends in mutually (moreover, the growing use of CGI in Hong Kong the claim of Hong Kong construction methods to film series give care the Matrix and Lord of the Rings trilogies), and will like tentative Hong Kongs advance to reinventing traditional accepted film genres.In this research I have point a wel l-known question what do we make of film as industrial product and film as cultural body For the purposes of this research on hong kong film culture I use film culture in a limited sense to submit to film expenditure, or the globe of movement of the cinema amongst different audience groups. At the very beginning I hope to spot out that I create a number of statements, at quantify challenging ones, devoid of given that suitable clarifications or proof. This is suitable method to deal with hard problems. Though, It may be pardon for opting for the simple way out in the glow of the constraints of space.Kung Fu Negotiating Nationalism and ModernityAccording to the article writer movies, as a shape of art, too, exemplify the vision of its audiences. A few celebrate its attract originality others derogate its delusive diversion. Whether optimistic or pessimistic, it is no doubt that cinematic vision possesses its exclusive meaning and its secure association by realism, mutually mental and physical. In the late twentieth century, or to put it further exact, in the 70s, kung fu genre, pioneered by the unending star Bruce Lee, arose, moving a marvelous tempest in the movie industry. The vision of Bruce Lees kung fu movies is clear, and has been discussed in numerous researches. For instance, David Desser, by analyzing the heart of kung fus fandom in the United States, that is, black youth in the inner city and the rural in the south, says that kung fu movies was the genre of the underdog, the underdog of color fighting against colonialist enemies . Or as experts has seen in Lees kung fu globe, there exists the option of poly-culturalism which accepts the differences in cultural carry out (Lee, Joanna Ching Yun,2002 , PP129-147). The desire, apparently an anti-colonial one, envisioned by Bruce Lees kung fu movies is also one factor that contributes to its success. Though, as Joel Stein, the columnist of Time, scornfully comments on Bruce Lees three free movies in A merica one of which was unwatchably nasty, the further two of which were watchably awful, the plot of kung fu movies is just droning, boring and unsurprising. In fact, what the audience actually loves concerning Lees films is other than his thrashing up the Japanese or

History midterm essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History midterm - Essay ExampleHowever, scholars and official argued that for real strengthening to be realized in China, the country should develop basic western institution, including the western government organization and education. The reforms give rise to techniques and military technologies. On the other hand, another reform forepart was initiated on 1898 after china was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war.Self-strengthening movement and Hundred Days Reforms have some common similarities and differences based on the objectives, achievements and targets. some(prenominal) reforms advocated for introduction of western education to be introduced in China. Self-Strengthening Movement was more successful because they had foreign language schools, which led to turning foreign languages to Chinese. The reforms enabled Chinese to choose and understand foreign languages and there was introduction of education missions, which included navigation and study shipbuilding. Approximately, 12 0 Chinese were sent abroad between 1872 to 1881.Although the Hundred geezerhood Reforms emphasized on education, the conservative officials banned it. However, the reformers abolished the conservative officials and turned the content of the examination from classical knowledge of current affairs. Education gave a mixture of both(prenominal) Eastern and western studies. Just like the Self-Strengthening reforms, Hundred Days Reforms encourage members of the royalty to go abroad on learning trips. The old eight-legged essays were eliminated and students were to take classes on politics, current affairs and Chinese classical volumes.The self-Strengthening Movement was more successful in developing a relationship with the foreign powers. In this perspective, it led to the turn of events of the Zongli Yamen in Beijing with the objective of managing the affairs with powers. This reform was a tremendous step for China in embracing diplomatic relationship with

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Essay ExamplefMRI measures brain typifyivity indirectly, namely by measuring rod veer in oxygen contentedness this is called the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism.However, fMRI has certain limitations. For instance, the fMRI signal reflects changes in oxygen content with high but insufficient spatial-time resolution. Hemodynamics in response to neuronal activity is revealed on a spatial-temporal scale far longer than the neuronal activity itself. Here, so-called temporal blurring of the fMRI signal is caused by both inertance and residual effects. In spite of such obstacles, changes in neural activity associated with individual trials or components of a trial in a task force out be observed. Moreover, it is possible to capture brain activity associated with a single momentary cognitive act of mentally rotating a stimulus, without recourse to averaging over events (Buckner & Logan 2001, p. 31). Special fMRI experi mental designs such as event-related fMRI designs be required in these cases.There are numerous difficulties in separating the processing roles of specific brain areas. Usually such separation is provided either by well matched task comparisons or through lap across multiple studies. However, brain activity changes can be relative changes between pairs of tasks, gradual or even nonlinear changes across a series of tasks, or correlations between different tasks. How can tasks and trials within a task be constructed to separate brain cognitive operations This is a key caper of fMRI experimental design. There are several approaches for its solving. The basic approach is to have subjects engage in a target behavioural task for a period of time and then contrast that task period with periods where subjects perform a reference task. Here, the subject might perform a target task, and the step obtained during the performance of that task would be contrasted with a measurement obtained when the subject performed a matched reference task. How to substantiate this approach It is obvious that brain activity will change between the two task states and therefore will correlate selectively with the manipulated task demands. When using fMRI, images are taken of the brain repeatedly and in sequence. humour areas of activation are identified by examining which specific regions change signal intensity as the task state changes from the reference condition to the target task. Then, statistical procedures ranging from direct comparisons between task states to more sophisticated estimations of correlations among task states can be employed to identify those regions whose activity change is unlikely to occur by chance. Unfortunately, tasks designed by such approach may cause differences in the processing strategies adopted by subjects during task performance by means of the block of trials, which may result in differential patterns of neural activity that do not have to do wi th the item-specific processes elicited by the individual trials. This issue can appear in delicate forms in cognitive paradigms where subject strategies may be

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest EssayThe Importance of Being Earnest, having being written in the late niminy-piminy period, shows examples of the contemporary societys attitudes to and customs of marriage. These attitudes serve a very important role throughout the play. The problems and trials of marriage provide the basis for this play. Although this theme of the problem of marriage has have in a number of English authors works, for example Jane Austen, Oscar Wilde adapted the theme in order for his contemporary audience to relate to it, and so the play is rather unique. Act 1 of the play opens with Algernon holding a brief conversation with his servant Lane regarding marriage. We immediately have an insight into Algernons life as a single man Algernon is more concerned with money and the high life than he is with responsibility and sensibility. He sees that not having a first rate flaw of wine, as it was mentioned was the case in marriage, as demoralising. It is not surpris ing that Algy, later on in Act 1, expresses such cynical views of marriage. Lane touches on the raze classs attitudes towards marriage briefly in this scene.Lane says that he has had very little experience of marriage he explains that he was only married once and that was a misunderstanding between himself and a young person. The humour in this line lies in the point that experience shouldnt normally be measured in the quantity of times one is married but the number of years one has lived in a marriage. He also says that it was a misunderstanding, which is intended to be funny, as marriage is an understanding between two persons. We learn more about Algernons views on marriage in his conversation with Jack. Algernon believes that a proposal is business.This is typical of the squared-toe gentlemans attitudes towards marriage. The typical view of marriage was that it was more a way to achieve or sustain social status rather than a way of expressing love. Algernon genuinely belie ves that marriage puts an end to all romance. He says that girls never marry the men they flirt with. This is an example of one of Oscar Wildes humorous epigrams, what is even more funny is when it is on the whole contradicted by what Algernon says shortly after The amount of women in London who flirt with their husbands is perfectly scandalous.

Reynolds and Reynolds Essay Example for Free

Reynolds and Reynolds EssayReynolds Reynolds Case Study The Reynolds and Reynolds case about team selling had actually many positives and few negatives, and was a very well rounded and planned way for the American Ford Dealership to improve its customer service sector. First, I destinyed to stoppage out the effectiveness of team selling that the Reynolds team did well. They had three people comprise the team, Mr. Sherman, Mr. Wiltgen, and Mr. ONeill.Sherman would pitch the plan to the dealership and handle the reports with them, Wiltgen was the implementation guy, meaning that he would set everything into place if and when they agreed on what plans to use, and ONeill was the manager overseeing everything and was there for backup if needed. The three positions and roles they played stayed the same passim the plan and they followed through with how they wanted to present. Another thing I feel was very effective was how Sherman brought to the attention of the dealership the l ost opportunities they had and how more much clear they could have made the antecedent year.ONeill confirmed these numbers, thus making a good team decision and presentation of the facts. Also, another effective point they made was bringing up the way the dealerships competitors were doing business and what systems they were using. The one and only disadvantage I found during this team selling presentation was that Sherman took on multiple roles as the team leader and the business consultant, and the other two were basi chattery just there on an as-needed basis. The Reynolds team also showed cracking execution to the client access, client education, and fulfillment perspectives.To satisfy client access, they split the client base into three categories Actives (customers who have been in for service in the previous 6 months), Inactives, and New Customers. Splitting customers into these categories made it easy for the dealership to see who is coming in for service, who should be n otified they are due for service, and those new customers they still want to target. They executed client education/ persuasion by creating the Preferred Customer Card program.They also did this by implementing over 100 different types of coupons that can be easily customized to each individual customer by type of car, zip code, etc. and with the service reminder program where customers would be mailed letters, coupons, and notified via phone call that they are due for service or there was a deal going on for them. Fulfillment was achieved by the dealership choosing to implement the Direct exertion program and the service reminder program ideas that the Reynolds team had presented to them, and setting up future plans between the marketing firm and the car dealership.

The First Essay Example for Free

The First EssayAndy Quans The First uses a wide variety of good techniques to distil the effectiveness and understanding of the poem. There are three key techniques, which stand out in this poem. These techniques set the mood and show the viewers the real tommyrot behind the poem.The first technique used to show the effectiveness of this poem is a metaphor. An moral of a metaphor in this poem is narrative of demolition. I think that this technique used helped with my understanding of how this person who is talking about their experience is grieving and shows the emotion of sadness and shock. This line tells the reader how more this person is confused and wonders at how it all happened. The impact of the death is described by the metaphor.Another great technique used is a rhetorical question. relief? A bee? is an example found in the first stanza of this poem. The effect that it has is making us wonder at how the death happened, and suggesting ways that couldve caused the a ccident. The use of the technique in this way shows how Andy Quan was trying to come up with a reason for this unfortunate loss, making necessary excuses of how it could happen.The third technique that shows the theme of death and grief is imagery. The example found is who drag around melancholy and nostalgia, luggage too heavy to be allowed on board. This tells us how much sadness is filled up inside of the teller and how upsetting this lost, as being their first one, really is. This technique also helps to construct the meaning of the poem.Andy Quan indirectly expresses his emotion by utilize these three different techniques metaphor, rhetorical question and imagery. The theme of death and grief is clearly shown throughout all the different examples of techniques. In my opinion, this particular poem expresses its veritable meaning through well thought phrases and techniques.

Personal Plan Proposal | Leadership

Personal Plan Proposal LeadershipPersonal phylogenesis plan for a leadership would be to actualise areas for further development and encourage lifelong learning. It acts as a process of em index fingerment, self-assessment mentoring, continued renewal, role modeling, validatory attri alonees, networking, and improvement on weaknesses. The proposed plan process describes how leader should lead by having the above mentioned skills to lead affectively. and support to help staff develop their capabilities.I would create as nurse leader who is innovative by possessing the following abilities such as self-assessment, empowerment, mentor, continued renewal, role modeling, confirmative attributes, networking and improvement on weaknesses (Bleich Kasiak, 2007). By having these trades leave attend to in support the staff to develop their capabilities and gain to be an efficient leader. I have never thought of myself as leader but I have been told that I possess the skills. The thoug ht of being a leader sometimes alarms me because of all the stress, headache, which I have heard and seen managers or leaders complaining about their job is never ending. But to be a great leader one must(prenominal) develop these characteristics to lead others which are the followingsEmpowerment, arrogate and encourage staff members to take responsibility.Mentor, give staff advice, guide, train, coach.Role model, set positive example for others to follow, give advice to develop leadership.Net working, is to maintain a positive relationship with other managers or staff.Self-assessment, of the self as a leader which depart help measure the progress overtime.Continued renewal, consider the concerns of staff members and tolerant care.Positive attribute, as a leader one must possess an important element which is compassion.Improve on weakness, such as time management, multitask (ex. I sometimes pick up where others leave off. Picking up the slack in the workplace). Show how a weakne ss can be turned into strength.I am happy to be a nurse and l like the way people responds to me when I tell them I am a nurse. she-goat empowerment as both individually and as a profession can be achieved. The fact that treat has traditionally been thought of as a profession for only women but that has changed more men are nurses now than before (OGrady Mallock, 2003). The nursing profession has changed dramatically. There are so many opportunities for nurses now then before they can be political workers, publicists, journalists, speakers, researchers (Fitzgerald, T., 2000). Weve expanded into so many diametrical avenues. Since I became a nurse has helped me to have the vital deprecative thinking and decision making skills in doing my patient cares. Studies have been done at national level in recent years have asked nurses what factors support to their job satisfaction. In general the most important factors reviewed were research on each of the following factors contributed t o job satisfaction are the, productivity, burnout, turnover rates, and, empowerment (Fletcher, 2001). designer is demonstrated as much by the attitude that one project as it is by the tasks that one perform. Some self analysis may be in order in terms of the attitude and image that you portray. It is import to act in professional manner but it is also important to visit professional. Even dirty shoes and long acrylic nails can give the impression to others that we dont take ourselves very seriously in the regard. Power sometimes comes from others so it may be helpful to make connections. The truth is that sometimes who you know rather than what you know is important. Use the grapevine may or may non be accurate, so also do some investigation on your own. Make these connections for positive reasons and in a careful manner, such as to assist in your professional growth, rather than to win power or take power from someone else. Avoid confrontation, as it rarely helps anyone. Power without respect is hollow. We dont engage to see ourselves as victims. We complain to each other about how bad our jobs are and how nursing is not what we thought it would e. It doesnt have to be that way. We can increase our involvement in our workplace whenever possible. We can continue to observe our environment, gather information and contribute whatever we c can to make improvements. We can be a visible presence in the workplace, networking with others and asking questions. We can continue to practice professional ways to communicate our thoughts and needs, but recognize when using power may not be in our best interests or may increase hostility. We owe it to those who will come after us in the nursing profession as well as to ourselves to make an effort to change the degree of authority and power that we have. We can do it?Self awareness is declared as knowing ones internal states, preference resources and intuitions. This is being conscious and being able to connect to our feelings and actions. By accepting and understanding our thoughts and interpretation processes, one will have a clearer picture of what we want to achieve. And this will undoubtedly help in making wise and sound decisions in a personal or professional relationship.InterviewFF is the nurse manager of renal clinic at hospital. She is an R.N. whose leadership position is unique because she also created the program she is in charge of. F.F. had a wad and used her leadership skills to see that vision become a reality. The renal clinic began because there was a need. One of the qualities in an effective leader is the ability to recognize a need and take action to make that need met. F.F. started her nursing career after graduating from west state university by working in several(a) areas and units. While working in these capacities one Dr A.B. approached her on several occasions about the need to have a renal clinic for diabetic patients. These patients population was not being served l ocally. F.F. would agree with him saying yes, it would be nice to have a renal clinic, and that would be it. Then in that time F.F. needed to care for a sick family member. At the same time the hospital needed a manager and F.F. was filling in as an interim for the inpatient department. This position had a very demanding schedule that included weekends, being on call, and rotating shifts. And the hospital was not recruiting for a manager and what was supposed to be an interim position now did not have a foreseeable end. With a sick family member at home, F.F. needed more flexibility in her work schedule. This was the turning point that spurned F.F. to take action to meet the needs that were before her. The answer to F.F. personal dilemma took the shape of creating a renal clinic. F.F. could see that working in this oddment would give her the family friendly schedule she desired. She took the initiative in making the renal clinic a reality.As it is mentioned in the article of Quant um leadership that those who are not natural leaders can acquire the necessary skills, (OGrandy Mallock, 2003). I believe anyone can be a leader by motivation and applying the self to become a leader. As a leader I would like to have a vision of greater good and initiate actions to achieve that vision. In making decisions to fall upon goals, as a leader I would create change and make that change a past history. In a nurse leadership much times they use personal traits to be beneficially and ethically which will influence others by means of a process where clinical and organization outcomes are achieved through joint efforts. As a nurse leader I would unite in building a relationship to empower staff or others that would guide toward achievement. I like all the other elements of a nurse leader I dont have a less preference.As a follower I would want a leader that has direction that can be trusted, have a vision and hope for the department or organization. The most valuable su mmation of a leader is honesty and trust. I want a leader that is honest with both his or her staff and the management. Another element that a leader must have is integrity. Once a leader compromises his or her integrity it is lost. That maybe the reason integrity is considered the most admirable trait. Leadership qualities are different for different position but one must be thinking for future scope of improvement, quality and quantity of in conducting business. The ideal leader must have a vision beyond what is here today know where the business is headed and be able to use that vision to move the department forward.I would help my peers to become better by being a great leader that my peers can look up to and depend on. As, a leader I need the ability to lead because there is a certain quality to manage a problem if my followers cant face the problems on their own. This leadership quality is extremely important because if the leaders do not possess some special ability, then the re wont be anything that will sort him/her from his/her followers. As a leader I would motivate my team mates for good work and maintain healthy environment. And make my first priority is caoutchouc for the workers and see that they are not exploited by superiors. These are some of the many ways that I can lead and have followers.ReferenceBleich Kasiak, 2007Fitzgerald, T., (2000), halt appeal profession tries new tactics to woo next generation of nurses, posted date January 13, 2000. Retreived on November 13, 2009 from http//www.nurseweek.com/features/00-01/attract.htmlKetle, J. L., RN. Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction in the Registered Nurse, University of join Carolina, charlotte, NC. Retreived on Novermber 23, 2009 from http//juns.nursing.arizona.edu/articles/Fall%202002/Kettle.htmAbstractOGrady, P. Mallack, 2003. Quantum Leadership 2003, article for this course.Bradberry Greaves, 2003Francis, F., RN. (2009). Indian Health Service Hospital/ACL, Personal interview in Octo ber 28, 2009.Fletcher, C. E. (2001, June). Hospital RNs job satisfactions and dissatisfactions. ledger of Nursing Administration, 31(6), 324-31.

Concept Of Role And Role Episode Model

Concept Of federal jump onncy And social function Episode Model piece punctuate is highly inevitable in nature and has become problem at take inplace for employers and presidency. The main purpose of this constitution to study the concept of berth, grapheme emphasis, their biosocial variables as easy as lineament episode model. . Number of studies erect that there is difference in the impact of manipulation straining across occupations..This paper also deals management of social function air with the help of mentoring and use episode model. parting episode model is a classical model used to beatnik procedure stress.Key words procedure episode model, Role contravention, share equivocalness and grapheme pluck, bio-social variables, melodic line stress, joke mirth, labor achieveance.Introduction The concept of stress was first proposed by Hans Selye (1936). Selyes well-known definition of stress, based on his research, is the nonspecific response of the b ody to any demand made upon it (Selye, 1974).Stress is broader in landmark and to narrow down stress is very difficult. Due to its hard nature most of the researchers tummynot agree on a single definition ( Kahn Boysiere ,1992). Stress flowerpot be a motivator and get the job dvirtuoso .Some stress researchers ( e.g Golembiewski, Munzernrider and Stewenson ,1986Sharahan and Mor clock timer ,1996),distinguish between negative stress ,termed distress and despotic stress, termed eustress. This proper stress or eustress can be defined as is unfeignedly a positive and healthy form of stress and some people enjoy it .Eustress activates and motivates people to accomplish goal. The Distress is when the good stress becomes too much to bear or cope with. It is important to note that there atomic number 18 three levels of stress - small level, moderate or best level and high level. Moderate or Optimal level of stress may acts as a motivator. On the basis of literature opinion it is distinctly understood that too much stress is toxic to employees and too little stress can also lead unexpected problem.e.g too little stress can result in boredom apathy and can be accompanied by low deed and too much stress can cause depression, dissatisfaction, anxiety, tension and low performance. An optimal level of stress results in high energy, motivation and high performanceThe cause of stress is known as stressors stressors atomic number 18 conditions and events that evoke strain (Kahn Byosiere, 1992). concord to Cooper Marshall (1978) sources of managerial stress can be categorized into six components -intrinsic to job , routine in makeup , cargoner development ,organisational structure and climate, human kinship within organization and organizational interface and outside .Matteson Ivancevic (1999) and Cook Hunsaker (2001) identified that stress can be caused by environmental, organizational, and individual variables. Role stressors belong to organizatio nal variables.Role stressors are major antecedents of job stress among employees in organization .According to Ivancevich Matteson (1980) and French Caplan Harrison (1982) , routine ambiguity and routine fight guard been identified as a major source of stress and job tension. Work hook both quantitatively and qualitatively has been empirically link up to a variety of physiological ,psychological and behaviour strain symptoms(Beehr Newman, 1978 Roberts et al., 1997 Miller Ellis, 1990).It was found that role stress variables are associated with job dissatisfaction, unhorse performance ,increased stress , rase commitment and intention to leave the organization .According to various researchers ( fisher cat and Gitelson, 1983 Jackson and Schuler, 1985Van Sell et al., 1981 Lee, 1997 Jones, 1993),role stress is responsibile for individual as well as organizational outcomes ,such(prenominal) as job tension ,job dissatisfaction , employee turnover and employee burnout and low organizational commitment and performance (Johnston et al., 1990 Jackson and Schuler, 1985).Concept of Role Role episode modelThe term role can be defined as a expected mode of behaviour. in that respect are three types of roles (I) the expected role, (ii) the perceived role and (iii) the factual role. The expected role is what other people expect from an individual. The perceived role is how the individual thinks he or she should be consider to fulfil the expected role and the actual role is the way the individual actually be gestates in the organization. Linton (1936) defined role from culture perspective .Role episode model is known as reciprocal management tool between Role batch Members Role Incumbent given by Katz and Kahn ( 1978) . In order to examine and integrate the research on role conflict and ambiguity, Khan et al. role episode model is very useful. The model depicts transactional relationship between role transmitters and central someone. Focal person or rol e incumbent occupies a particular position (social location) within organization. Individuals who send role expectation to the focal person regarding his or her activities in the role via media role go under ( Merton 1957) .They are called role senders or Role Set Members. When Role Set Members communicated their expectations are called sent role carries role pressure .The set of expectations a role incumbent or focal person receive from Role Set Members is the received role. The role episode model consists of a cyclical series of communications between Role Set Member and the Role Incumbent. This process continues until the role episode finishes, creates shared expectations or postpone negotiations. Fig 1 suggests that there are organizational, individual(prenominal), and interpersonal factors which affect the role episode model. The organizational factors consist structure, level in the organization, role requirements, task characteristics, physical setting, and organizational practices. The personal factors (which can be applied to both the role senders and focal person) refer to such variables age, sex, and term of office in the organization. The interpersonal factors in the relationship between role senders and focal person include frequency of their interactions, mode of communication, importance of senders to focal person,physical location, visibility, feedback and participation. The role senders can be the focal persons supervisors, clients, co-workers, or subordinates. Role sender focal person relationship have generally been investigated by gathering perceptual data on role conflict and ambiguity from the objective responses. affective responses include job satisfaction, job involvement, tension, panic, anxiety, and propensity to leave the organization.Interpersonal ProcessFocal PersonExperience ResponseRole SenderExpectations Sent RoleInterInterpersonal FactorsPersonal FactorsOrganizational FactorsStructure Status Mode of CommunicationLevel Ne eds Frequency of InteractionRole requirements Values grandness of senderTask Education Mode of InteractionPhysical Setting Ability Physical locationPractices Age VisibilitySex FeedbackTenure trothSource Van Sell et al (1981)Fig1Literature ReviewRole stress/Role stressors and Bio-social VariablesRole stressors can be defined as anything near an organizational role that produces adverse consequences for the individual ( Kahn and Quinn,1970). Role related stress are concerned with how individuals perceive the expectations others have of them and includes role ambiguity and role conflict ( Alexandros -Stamatios et. al.,2003) .According to Schafer (1998) role stressors are associated with social roles, which are social positions with clustered expectations .Role problems that may cause occupational stress include role overload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity and role conflict (Greenberg, 2009).S ( Kahn,1980 Scbauberock ,Cotton and Jenning,1989Kellaway and Barling,1990) role stresso rs are made-up of three variables but related constructs role conflict ,role ambiguity role overload.The major role stress variables are -role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload/work overload .Role conflictRole conflict takes place when individuals simultaneously perform multiple roles and they conflict each other. Drafte (1998) defined role conflict job roles that interfere with on another and Schafer (1998) defined incompatible expectations associated with a social position, such as student, employee, or mother. Kahn et al (1964) have defined role conflict existence of two or more roles such that to manage with one would cook difficult to manage with other.Kahn et al. identify five major formsofroleconflict1.Intra-sender conflict-2.Inter-sender conflict-3.Inter-role conflict-4.Person-role conflict-5.Role-overload -conflicting prescriptions/proscriptions from the same sender.conflicting prescriptions/proscriptions from different senders.conflict between roles in situation s where an individual holdsmore than one role.where an individuals role requirements are incompatible withhis/her own beliefs, value, and norms.reasonable expectations may have been received from rolesenders, but he/she may not have enough timeto grapple themall.Role ambiguity occurs when an individual does not .possess requisite information to enable effectiveexecutionofhis/her role. The typeofinfmmation normally required by the role incumbent includesKahn et al., 19641.relevant expectations relating to the role suchasrights, duties, and responsibilitiesThey identified five major forms of role i) Intrasender Conflict -This type of conflict occurs when a Role Set Member requires the Focal person to perform contradictory .For example a Role Sender may request the Role incumbent to perform task and task cannot be established without disturbing rules. But Role Sender attempts to enforce the rule.ii)Intersender Conflict -The Focal person experiences this type of conflict , if the role behaviour demanded by one Role Set Members incompatible with the role behaviour demanded by another Role Set Members.iii) Interrole Conflict -This type of conflict occurs when the Focal person receives two or more role at a time which are incongruence in nature.iv) Intrarole conflict ( Person-Role) Conflict Intrarole conflict occurs when the role requirements are incongruent with the focal persons attitudes , values and profession behaviour.v) Role Overload Role overload occurs when the Focal person is required to number of tasks by different Role Set Members .GenderWomen see more role conflict than men ( Frone et al. (1992) Gutek et al. 1991 and Duxbury et al. (1994).Working women face more inter-role conflict role overload as compare to men /or non-working women ( Kapur,1974).Cooper and Davidson ( 1982) account that the female executives have more role conflict and role overload because of dual responsibilities. According to Sangamitra, Buddhapriya and Preetham Khandewal (19 95),female executives face conflict between job demands and family obligations than the male mangers.AgeThere is contradictory findings were obtained between age and role conflict .Most of the studies support negative relationship between age role conflict (Peltit,1973 Simpson, 1979Schwab,1981 Parasuraman Alutto, 1984) and some studies which prove the other (Redfeck,1973 and Flora 1977, Madhu Harigopal, 1980Marital status (Married / Un get married)It was found that married person experience more role conflict than unmarried person Married working women have to perform dual role and child bearing could be one reason.Number of Children-According to Itshree Padhi,1999 working mothers with more number of children experience high -level of conflict than those who have fewer children.Kala Rani (1976) also found a similar correlation pattern in her study.On the basis of supra literature go off of role conflict conceptual framework can be designedRole AmbiguityRole ambiguity arises whe n focal persons do not have clear authority or knowledge about how to perform the assigned jobs (Rizzo, House Lirtzman, 1970 Ivancevich Matteson, 1980 Ashforth Lee, 1990Kahn et al ,1964) .Individuals having unclear plans and objective ,lack of clarity of ones duty and uncertainty about the amount of authority to perform assignment ( Rizzo et al ,1970) . Role ambiguity occurs when employees perceive a lack of clarity in the behavioural requirements of their job (Kahn et al., 1964 Rizzo et al., 1970). The focal person is likely to experience two types of role ambiguity. One, concerning the task and the related adivities the other concerning the feedback regarding his performance of the task.RoleFor e.g in case of academics, lack of regular feedback about how well academics were doing was the highest source of stress ( Dua1994 Sharpley et al.1996). Feedback is important to enable the academics to evaluate their performance on the job and how they are progressing in their effort tow ard task accomplishment. Since positive feedback may set as higher performance and less stress, academics who do not receive regular feedback may experience considerable uncertainty about their role performance (Bandura Locke, 2003). Higher ambiguity may also arise due to lack of clarity regarding how to prioritize different academic activities of teaching, research and professional services that are necessary for the successful accomplishment of academic role. Regular feedback from a supervisor may acerbate role ambiguity, which in turn reduces stress.Bio-social Variables that are associated with role ambiguity.a) Gender-b) Age- Peltit (1973) describe a negative relationship between role conflict and role ambiguity and age. Similar findings were obtained in an educational setting (Elsenhauer, 1977 Simpson, 1979 Schwab, 1981) but this was not support by Redfck (1973) and Flora (1977) who conducted studies in a similar background.Pandia (1991) reported that there is no relation be tween role ambiguity and age.Increasing age was associated with ambiguity ,according to Sreelatha ( 1991) finds a positive relationship between age and job ambiguity .But contradictory findings was obtained by Peltit (1971),he found negative relationship between age and job ambiguity.Increasing age was associated with role ambiguity ,Sreelatha ( 1991) finds a positive relationship between age and job ambiguity . Studies reported that role ambiguity is maximum at lower age group. It has been established that females experience more role ambiguity at lower age group because of the adjustments they have to make at the beginning of their married life and the presence of infants in the house etc.c) Length of service / Tenure -According to Madhu ( 1982) Nath ( 1980) there is negativerelationship between length of service role ambiguity . Malhan, Agarwal Krishna (1983) reported that managers with relatively less number of years of service might experience roleambiguity detrimental to th eir performance. There found to be a negative correlation existingbetween role ambiguity and length of service. Pandia (1991) reported that there is no relationbetween role ambiguity and age.Role Overload /Work OverloadWork overload also known as role overload role overload is a complex form of role conflict. According to Kahn et al ( 1964) role overload is a kind of person-role conflict and it is combining aspects of intersender and person-role conflicts .It occurs simply when employees have more task than he or she can handle. Role overload occurs when role expectations are higher than the focal persons capabilities ( terms taken from Kahn et al ,role episode model) .It can be either qualitative quantitative .Quantitative task can be defined as the person has too many tasks to perform or too little time to perform them and Qualitative occurs when person lacks ability to perform task . Workload stress can be defined as reluctance to come to work and a feeling of constant pressur e (i.e. no effort is enough) accompanied by the general physiological, psychological, and behavioural stress symptoms (Division of Human Resource, 2000).a) Gender-Cooper and Davidson ( 1982) reported that the female executives have role conflict and role overload because of their dual roles in the family and the office. Mehta ,Chandwani Mehta were of the opinion women face more workload as compare to men. Coverman (1989)) found that the role overload scores of women were higher than men .But men have higher overall satisfaction than women .Role overload could be one of the major reason of womens psychological stress. Pleck (1985) has suggested that women speak up of role overload not because of exhaustion or doing too much, rather her husband is doing too little.b) Age or Length of service span of learn Researchers( Philip C Koshy ,1994 ,Gupta Pratap,1987 Pestonjee ,1992 Sen ,1981) explored that there is negative relation between work load and length of service ,age span of control . Managers who are younger and those having lesser tenure of service experience more role overload. But contradictions finding was obtained For example Johnson et al .(2005) conducted comparative studies of 26 occupations(2005) concluded that teaching is one of the most trying occupations. The most stressful aspects of the job perceived by teachers include workload, time pressures and no guidance pertaining to various teacher roles (Hui Chan,1996). There was a national survey on occupational stress in Australian universities, research shows that employees at senior level face more workloads and more role-overload (Dua, 1994 Lease, 1999 Winter et al., 2000).Consequences of Role stressResearchers had proved that role stress affects individual and organization both .Kahn et al , concluded from their study role incumbent experiences low job satisfaction ,lower bureau in organization ,high degree of tension intention to quit organization. Role ambiguity was found to be preval ent as role conflict and the consequences are similar. Netemeyer , Johnston and Burton (1990) , role conflict and role ambiguity may responsible to leave job indirectly through other factors such as job dissatisfaction and low organizational commitment. According to Division of Human Resource, (2000) Workload stress is responsible for physiological, psychological, and behavioural stress symptoms. A number of studies by various researchers ( Behrman Perrault ,1984Brief and Aldag ,1976Fisher Gitelson ,1983House Rizzo ,1972)Relationship between Role stress speculate StressA number of studies proved that role stress are positively associated with anxiety, tension ,low performance and job dissatisfaction. RHL ( Rizzo ,House and Lirtzman ,1970) identified that role ambiguity responsible for job dissatisfaction , anxiety , tension and poor performance. Rosenheim (1976) found that anxiety is directly related to role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload. A number of studies by var ious researchers ( Behrman Perrault ,1984 Brief and Aldag ,1976 Fisher Gitelson ,1983House Rizzo 1972Jackson Schuler ,1985Johnson Stinson ,1975Miles,1975Miles and Perrault 1976 Rizzo at al ,1976Sohi ,1996) found that role conflict is associated with low job involvement organizational commitment , tension , anxiety intention to leave organization.According to Caplan Jones (1975) role ambiguity was positively associated with anxiety, depression, and resentment. Keenan and McBain (1979) found positive relationship between tension and role overload Similarly, most studies report a positive relationship between role ambiguity and tension or anxiety. But two studies report no relationship (Tosi, 1971 Tosi Tosi,1970).Relationship between Role stress Job SatisfactionAccording to Miles ( 1974 ) that role stress ( role sonflict role ambiguity ) were related to job dissatisfaction . Rosenheim (1976),Organ Greene (1974), Bemardin (1981), Coldwell (1981), Keenan (1981) and Madhu (198 2) found same thing .Jackson and Schuler, 1985 Brown and Peterson, 1993 Tubre and Collins, 2000 and Ortqvist and Wincent, 2006 ,they revealed that both role conflict and ambiguity have negative influences on job satisfaction. It has been found that the higher the role conflict, the lower the job satisfaction.( Srilatha 1991,Keller 1975,Krant 1966,Senatra 1977,Carter 1878,Singh 1983, Coldwell 1984.Jagdish and Srivastava 1984. Libby, 1978 Simpson, 1979 Price, 1971 Flora, 1977 Wilson,1980 Miller 1979 Riggling, 1979 Yarworth, 1979 Monnelt, 1980 Ahrens, 1977) . But according to Hamner and Tosi (1974) reported no relationship between role conflict and job satisfaction in a study among a sample of managers. Christopher Orpen John Bernath (1987) report that correlation between role conflict and job satisfaction is not significant. Miles (1974) ,Roseenheim( 1976) ,Organ Greene ( 1974),Bemardin ( 1981) .Coldwell ( 1981) , Keenan ( 1981) and Madhu ( 1982) concluded that both role conflict an d role ambiguity were negatively related with Job satisfaction Batesman (1981) in his study, reported that role overload resulted in poor job satisfaction.Note-On the basis of various literature reviews I came to know that relationship between role conflict role ambiguity with job satisfaction varies among a variety of occupation.Occupation Job satisfaction.The major outcomes of role conflict are job dissatisfaction and job related tension, which have been isolated among a variety of occupational groups (Beehr, Walsh Taber, 1976 Brief Aldag, 1976 Brief, Aldag, Van Sell Melone,1979 Gross et al., 1958 House Rizzo, 1972 Miles, 1976 Oliver Brief, 1977-78). According to Hamner and Tosi (1974) reported no relationship between role conflict and job satisfaction in a study among a sample of managers.They reported a positive correlation between role conflict and job threat among a sample of managers.Tosi and Tosi (1970) found a negative relationship between role conflict and job relat ed threat and anxiety. Keller (1975) observed negative relationship between role conflict and job satisfaction among research and development professionals but no such negative. The observation suggests the effectuate of role conflict transform with various occupations.There are number of studies shown a difference in the impact of role ambiguity across occupations. According to Beehr et al. 1976 Caplan et al. 1975 Greene 1972 Hamner Tosi, 1974 Johnson Stinson 1975 Paul 1974 Rizzo et al. 1970 role ambiguity to be associated with job dissatisfaction, studies among nurses aides (Brief Aldag, 1976) managers (Tosi, 1971) teachers (Tosi Tosi, 1970) and supervisors and operating employees (Ivancevich Dobbelly, 1974) found no relationship.Relationship between Role stress Job PerformanceShrtom , Fried and Cooper (2008) reported that the negative relation between job performance and role overload was higher for managers and non-managers.According to Kahn Boysiera 1992Mc Grath ,1976 Sahi ,1996 ,there is deleterious effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on Job performance .On the basis of above literature review conceptual framework can be designed Major ConsequencesJob StressJob dissatisfactionJob PerformanceRole conflict+Role ambiguity +Role overloadFig2On the basis of above literature review of role conflict conceptual framework can be designedManagement of Role stress in OrganizationMentoring -Mentoring can be one effective tool to manage role stress at workplace .According to Hunt Michael, (1983) mentors are highly experienced person in organization who is interested in guiding and promoting individuals career and also members of that Role Set. In addition mentors can provide role clarifying information to focal person and alternatives for dealing with role demands including role expectation that may create conflict. According to Griffin ( 1992) suggest that role ambiguity occurs because a person is not clear about her or his role. Role ambiguity occ urs when there is non-existent of information or there is no proper communication between Role Set Members and Role incumbent .Mentors can provide information that can clarify role expectation. Sawyer, 1992 found that quality feedback from Role Set Members or supervisors and co-workers is responsible to slander role ambiguity. According to Major, Kozilowski ,Chao Gardner (1995 ) ,intentions to leave organization can be minimized by high quality exchange between leaders and sub-ordinates.Role sender / Role Set Members / MentorsClear Role expectationsQuality feedbackFocal Person /Role IncumbentExperienced less Role conflict / Role ambiguityFeedback loopNote- Adapted from Role Episode Model , Mentors can be treated as a Role Set Members .Fig 3Role Episode Model classical tools to minimize level of role conflict and role ambiguityRole Episode Model ( Kahn et al ,1964) ,which is most equal model to explain variables related to role conflict and role ambiguity and is widely used by res earchers to study role stress variables among workers (Schuler, 1975 Fisher Gitelson 1973) According to Doughtery and Pitchard ,1985 ,the role conflict and role ambiguity measurement captured somewhat global perception of role stress and can be used with any job. Role conflict occurs in organization with the conflicting demands from There are various factors related to role stress such as organizational factors, interpersonal factors and attributes of person ( Role Set Member Focal Person both) . For ExamplesFaridah Ibrahim ( Predictors of Role Stress Among Malaysian Journalist in Newsroom Decision Making Process ,Journal Komunikasi 2001 )conducted research on journalist to identify the predictor variables involved in role stress( Role conflict Role ambiguity) and he adopted Role Episode model which consists of organizational variables , interpersonal variables personal variables. According to Kahn et al ( 1964) role stress occurs as enacted by role behaviours could be associated with these factors. Researcher taken 12 independent variables ( organizational variables are participation in task decision ,participation in decision making ,leadership behaviour supportive ,task characteristics ,leadership structure deadline pressure .Interpersonal variables are communication relationship and Interpersonal relationship .Personal variables are age ,years in formal education ,salary years of working) for investigation and out of the 12 variables quaternion variables ( working experience genus Beta =-.29deadline pressure ,beta=-.25 ,task characteristics beta=-.20 and participation in task decision, beta=.13) were found to be good predictors of role conflict and for role ambiguity ,out of the 12 variables four variables ( interpersonal relationship ,Beta= -.39participation in decision making ,Beta = -.17, task characteristics ,beta= -.17 and years of experience ,beta = -.11) were found to be good predictors. it can be tell that working experience is the strongest predictor for role conflict .Conclusion There are independent biosocial variables are responsible in contributing stress in role stressors.in role ambiguity. .Biosocial variables are independent variables which interact with role stressors to produce negative consequences such as job stress, job dissatisfaction and low performance .Researchers found that there is positive relationship between role stressors and job stress, job dissatisfaction and role performance. Contradictory findings were obtained by some researchers in relationship between role stress and job dissatisfaction. It was found that difference in the impact of role ambiguity and role conflict across various occupations. Studies found that role ambiguity to be associated with job dissatisfaction, but studies among nurses aides, managers, teachers and supervisors and operating employees found no such relationship. Number of researchers explored that there is negative relationship between role conflict and job satisfact ion but in case of research and development professionals but no such negative relationship had been found.Role stress can be managed by mentoring as well as role episode model .Role Episode model is one the classical tool to identify significant predictors associated with role stress and predictors can be analysed to minimize role stress. In mentoring role sender can play role of mentor ,who can communicate clear role expectations as well as expectations that match the focal persons expectation . In addition quality feedback from role sender to the focal person can monimize the effects of role stress on individual as well as organization.Intrapersonal conflict involves diagnosis of and intervention in ,conflict .DiagnosisIntrapersonal conflict can be diagnosed by self report ,observation and interview method .Rizzo et al designed questionnaire to measure role conflict and role ambiguity and is frequentely used in organization studies.Conclusion Role conflict , role ambiguity and ro le overload are associated with biosocial variables such as age , gender , years of experience , marital status and number of children .Biosocial variables are independent variables which interact with role stressors to producehttp//htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/4lk2zrg8e8y8jki/images/27-9e40fbd968.jpg